1. Ni ikipolimaUburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho? Inshingano zabwo ni izihe?
Igisubizo: Inyongeramusaruro ni imiti itandukanye y’inyongera igomba kongerwa ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe n’ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gukora cyangwa gutunganya kugira ngo inoze inzira zo gukora no kunoza imikorere y’ibicuruzwa. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya resins na rubber mbisi mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki na rubber, hakenewe imiti itandukanye y’inyongera.
Imikorere: ① Kunoza imikorere ya polima, kunoza imiterere y'imikorere, no gutanga imikorere myiza; ② Kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa, kongera agaciro kabyo n'igihe bimara.
2. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati y’inyongeramusaruro na polymer? Ni iki bisobanura gutera no kubira ibyuya?
Igisubizo: Gutera polimeri - gutera inyongeramusaruro zikomeye; Kubira ibyuya - gutera inyongeramusaruro z'amazi.
Ubushobozi bw'inyongeramusaruro n'ibinyabutabire bihuza imiterere y'ibinyabutabire n'ibinyabutabire butuma bivangavanga neza igihe kirekire nta gutandukanya ibice no kugwa kw'imvura;
3. Ni iyihe nshingano y'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki?
Igisubizo: Kugabanya imbaraga z'ubufatanye hagati ya molekile za polymer, zizwi nka van der Waals forces, byongera uburyo imiyoboro ya polymer igenda kandi bikagabanya ubukana bwazo.
4. Kuki polystyrene ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya oxidation kurusha polypropylene?
Igisubizo: H idahindagurika isimburwa n'itsinda rinini rya phenyl, kandi impamvu PS idakunda gusaza ni uko impeta ya benzene igira ingaruka ku bwishingizi kuri H; PP irimo hydrogen ya gatatu kandi ikunda gusaza.
5. Ni izihe mpamvu zituma ubushyuhe bwa PVC budakomera?
Igisubizo: ① Imiterere y'uruhererekane rwa molekile irimo ibisigazwa by'ibinyabutabire na allyl chloride, bikoresha amatsinda y'imikorere. Itsinda rya nyuma rigabanya ubushyuhe burambye; ② Ingaruka za ogisijeni zituma HCL ikurwaho mu gihe cyo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bwa PVC; ③ HCl ikorwa n'ingaruka zabyo igira ingaruka ku kwangirika kwa PVC; ④ Ingaruka z'ingano ya plasticizer.
6. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu, ni iyihe mirimo y'ingenzi ya "bushyuhe butuza"?
Igisubizo: ① Kwinjiza no kugabanya HCL, bikabuza ingaruka zayo zo kwikora; ② Gusimbuza atome za allyl chloride zidahindagurika mu ma molecule ya PVC kugira ngo bibuze gukuramo HCl; ③ Kongeramo ibikorwa bya polyene bibangamira ikorwa rya sisitemu nini zifatanye kandi bigagabanya ibara; ④ Gufata radicals yigenga no gukumira ingaruka za oxidation; ⑤ Kugabanya cyangwa kudashyira mu bikorwa iyoni z'icyuma cyangwa ibindi bintu byangiza bitera kwangirika; ⑥ Ifite ingaruka zo kurinda, kurinda, no kugabanya imbaraga ku mirasire ya ultraviolet.
7. Kuki imirasire ya ultraviolet ari yo yangiza cyane polymers?
Igisubizo: Imiraba ya ultraviolet ni miremire kandi ikomeye, igaca imigozi myinshi ya polymer chemical.
8. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu bukoreshwa mu gukurura umuriro mu buryo bwa "intumescent flame retardant", kandi ni iyihe ngingo n'imikorere yabwo?
Igisubizo: Ibintu bigabanya umuriro mu kirere biri mu bwoko bwa fosifore azote.
Uburyo: Iyo polymer irimo ikintu kidakoresha umuriro ishyushye, urwego rumwe rwa carbon foam rushobora gukorwa ku buso bwarwo. Urwo ruvange rufite ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha umuriro neza kubera ko rufite ubushobozi bwo gukingira ubushyuhe, gushyira ogisijeni mu mwanya warwo, gukumira umwotsi no gukumira amazi.
9. Igipimo cya ogisijeni ni iki, kandi ni iyihe sano iri hagati y'ingano y'igipimo cya ogisijeni n'ubudahangarwa bw'umuriro?
Igisubizo: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, aho O2 ari igipimo cy'umwuka wa ogisijeni; N2: Igipimo cy'umwuka wa azote. Igipimo cya ogisijeni kivuga ku kigero gito cya ogisijeni gikenewe mu mwuka uvanze na azote iyo icyitegererezo runaka gishobora gushya buri gihe kandi buhoro buhoro nk'ubuji. OI<21 irashya, OI ni 22-25 ifite ubushobozi bwo kuzimya, 26-27 iragoye gushya, naho hejuru ya 28 iragoye cyane gushya.
10. Ni gute sisitemu yo gukumira umuriro ya antimoni halide igaragaza ingaruka nziza?
Igisubizo: Sb2O3 ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora antimoni, mu gihe halide organic zikoreshwa cyane mu gukora halide. Sb2O3/imashini ikoreshwa na halide ahanini bitewe nuko ikorana na halide ya hydrogen iva muri halide.
Kandi umusaruro uhinduka SbCl3 mu bushyuhe, ikaba ari umwuka uhindagurika ufite ubushyuhe buke. Uyu mwuka ufite ubucucike bwinshi kandi ushobora kuguma mu gace gatwikwa igihe kirekire kugira ngo ugabanye imyuka itwika, uvange umwuka, kandi ugire uruhare mu kuzibira olefini; Icya kabiri, ushobora gufata radicals zitwika kugira ngo zihagarike umuriro. Byongeye kandi, SbCl3 yivanga mu tunyangingo duto nk'uduce duto hejuru y'umuriro, kandi ingaruka zayo ku rukuta zikwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigabanura umuvuduko wo gutwika cyangwa bigahagarika umuvuduko wo gutwika. Muri rusange, igipimo cya 3:1 ni cyo gikwiriye cyane kuri atome za chlorine ku byuma.
11. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi buriho ubu, ni ubuhe buryo bw'imikorere y'ibintu bigabanya umuriro?
Igisubizo: ① Ibikoresho byo kubora by’ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro ku bushyuhe bw’umuriro bikora agace gato k’ikirahure kadahindagurika kandi kadasiga ogisijeni, gashobora gukuraho ingufu z’umwuka cyangwa kugira ubushyuhe buke.
② Ibintu bigabanya umuriro bihinduka ubushyuhe kugira ngo bikore imyuka idashya, bityo bigagabanya umwuka utwika kandi bigagabanya ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni mu gace katwikwa; ③ Gushonga no kubora kw'ibintu bigabanya umuriro bitwara ubushyuhe kandi bigatwara ubushyuhe;
④ Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bituma habaho urwego rw'ubushyuhe rufite imyenge ku buso bwa pulasitiki, bikarinda ko ubushyuhe bukomeza gukwirakwira no gushya.
12. Kuki plastiki ikunze kwibasirwa n'amashanyarazi adahindagurika mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya cyangwa kuyikoresha?
Igisubizo: Bitewe nuko iminyururu ya molekile ya polimeri nyamukuru igizwe ahanini n'imigozi ya covalent, ntishobora kuyibyaza cyangwa ngo yohereze electron. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya no gukoresha ibicuruzwa byayo, iyo ihuye n'ibindi bintu cyangwa ubwayo, iba ifite umuriro bitewe n'ubwiyongere cyangwa igihombo cya electron, kandi biragoye kuyibura binyuze mu kwiyobora.
13. Ni ibihe biranga imiterere ya molekile y'ibintu birwanya static?
Igisubizo: RYX R: itsinda rya oleophilic, Y: itsinda rihuza, X: itsinda rihuza amazi. Muri molekile zabo, hagomba kubaho uburinganire bukwiye hagati y’itsinda rya oleophilic ritari irya polar n’itsinda rya polar hydrophilic, kandi bigomba kugira uburyo runaka bwo guhuza ibikoresho bya polymer. Amatsinda ya alkyl ari hejuru ya C12 ni amatsinda asanzwe ya oleophilic, mu gihe hydroxyl, carboxyl, aside sulfonic, na ether bonds ari amatsinda asanzwe ya hydrophilic.
14. Sobanura muri make uburyo ibintu birwanya static bikora.
Igisubizo: Icya mbere, imiti irwanya static ikora filime ikomeza gutwara ibintu ku buso bw'ibikoresho, ishobora guha ubuso bw'ibicuruzwa urugero runaka rwa hygroscopicity na ionization, bityo ikagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubuso kandi igatuma static charges zikomokaho zihita zisohoka, kugira ngo intego yo kurwanya static igerweho; Icya kabiri ni uguha ubuso bw'ibikoresho urugero runaka rw'amavuta, kugabanya friction coefficient, bityo bigabanye kandi bigabanye static charges zitangwa.
① Ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere byo hanze muri rusange bikoreshwa nk'ibintu bisukura cyangwa bikwirakwiza amazi, alcool, cyangwa ibindi bintu bisukura by'umwimerere. Iyo ukoresheje ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu gutera ibikoresho bya polymer, igice gikunda imihindagurikire y'ikirere cy'ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere cyinjira neza ku buso bw'ibikoresho, maze igice gikunda imihindagurikire y'ikirere gifata amazi mu kirere, bityo kikarema urwego ruyobora amashanyarazi ku buso bw'ibikoresho, rugira uruhare mu gukuraho amashanyarazi adahindagurika;
② Umuti urwanya static imbere uvangwa muri polymer matrix mu gihe cyo gutunganya pulasitiki, hanyuma ukimukira ku buso bwa polymer kugira ngo ugire uruhare mu kurwanya static;
③ Umuti uhoraho urwanya static uvanze na polymer ni uburyo bwo kuvanga polymer zikunda hydrophilic muri polymer kugira ngo habeho imiyoboro iyobora kandi ikarekura charges zitanyeganyega.
15. Ni izihe mpinduka zikunze kubaho mu miterere n'imiterere ya rubber nyuma yo gushonga?
Igisubizo: ① Irangi rya vulcanized ryahindutse kuva ku miterere igororotse rijya ku miterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu; ② Ubushyuhe ntibukivamo amazi; ③ Ntikivamo amazi mu kintu cyayo cyiza; ④ Uburyo bwo gukora no gukomera byarushijeho kuba byiza; ⑤ Imiterere myiza ya mekanike; ⑥ Kurwanya gusaza no kudahinduka kw'imiti; ⑦ Imikorere y'igikoresho ishobora kugabanuka.
16. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya sulfure sulfure na sulfure donor sulfure?
Igisubizo: ① Guhuza sulfure: Imigozi myinshi ya sufure, kurwanya ubushyuhe, kudasaza neza, koroha neza, no guhinduka gukomeye guhoraho; ② Umutanga sulfure: Imigozi myinshi ya sufure imwe, kurwanya ubushyuhe neza no kurwanya gusaza.
17. Ni iki umuvumbuzi akora?
Igisubizo: Kunoza imikorere myiza y'ibicuruzwa bya rubber, kugabanya ikiguzi, no kunoza imikorere. Ibintu bishobora guteza imbere vulcanization. Bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo vulcanization, kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa vulcanization, kugabanya ingano y'ibintu bitera vulcanization, no kunoza imiterere y'umubiri n'imikorere ya rubber.
18. Ihinduka ry'ubushyuhe: ryerekeza ku ihinduka ry'ibikoresho bya kabutike mu gihe cyo kubitunganya.
19. Sobanura muri make imikorere n'ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibintu bitera imvubura
Igisubizo: Inshingano y'icyuma gitera imbaraga ni ukongera imikorere y'icyuma gitera imbaraga, kugabanya ingano y'icyuma gitera imbaraga, no kugabanya igihe cyo gutera imbaraga.
Ingaruka zigira ingaruka: ikintu gishobora kongera imikorere y’ingufu zikoresha mu buryo bw’umwimerere, bigatuma zikoresha neza imikorere yazo, bityo bikagabanya ingano y’ingufu zikoreshwa cyangwa bikagabanya igihe cyo kuzikoresha mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Ingaruka zigira ingaruka muri rusange zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: ingaruka zigira ingaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere n’ingaruka zigira ingaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere. Ingaruka zigira ingaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere zigizwe ahanini na okiside z’icyuma, hidroksidi, na karubone z’ibanze; Ingaruka zigira ingaruka mu buryo bw’umwimerere zigizwe ahanini na aside irike, amine, amasabune, polyols, na amino alcohols. Kongeramo ingano nto ya activator ku kintu cya rubber bishobora kongera urugero rwacyo rwo kuzikoresha mu buryo bw’umwimerere.
1) Ibintu bitagira umwimerere: cyane cyane okiside z'icyuma;
2) Ibintu bikora ku binyabuzima: ahanini aside irike.
Icyitonderwa: ① ZnO ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikintu gitera umuyaga gukurura icyuma gihuza umukara wa halogen; ② ZnO ishobora kongera ubushyuhe bw'umukara wa vulcanized.
20. Ni izihe ngaruka z'imashini zikora accelerators kandi ni ubuhe bwoko bw'imashini zikora accelerators zifite ingaruka nziza?
Igisubizo: Munsi y'ubushyuhe bwa vulcanization, ntabwo bizatera vulcanization hakiri kare. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa vulcanization bugeze ku rugero, imikorere ya vulcanization iba iri hejuru, kandi iyi miterere yitwa post effect ya accelerator. Sulfonamides igira ingaruka nziza nyuma.
21. Ibisobanuro by'amavuta yo kwisiga n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'amavuta yo kwisiga imbere n'ayo hanze?
Igisubizo: Amavuta yo kwisiga – inyongeramusaruro ishobora kunoza uburyo ibice bya pulasitiki bihuzwa n’ubuso bw’icyuma bitunganywa, kongera ubushyuhe bwa resin, kugera ku gihe cyo guhindura pulasitiki ya resin, no gukomeza gukora neza, yitwa amavuta yo kwisiga.
Amavuta yo hanze ashobora kongera ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwa pulasitiki mu gihe cyo gutunganya, kugabanya imbaraga zo gufatana hagati y'ubuso bwa pulasitiki n'icyuma, no kugabanya imbaraga zo gukata ibyuma, bityo bikagera ku ntego yo gutunganywa byoroshye nta kwangiza imiterere ya pulasitiki. Amavuta yo imbere ashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'imbere bwa polymer, kongera umuvuduko wo gushonga no gushonga kwa pulasitiki, kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo gushonga, no kunoza imikorere ya pulasitiki.
Itandukaniro riri hagati y’amavuta yo mu nzu n’ayo hanze: Amavuta yo mu nzu asaba guhuza neza na polimeri, agabanya ukutumvikana hagati y’iminyururu ya molekile, kandi anonosora imikorere y’amazi; Kandi amavuta yo hanze asaba urwego runaka rwo guhuza na polimeri kugira ngo agabanye ukutumvikana hagati ya polimeri n’ubuso bwakozwe n’imashini.
22. Ni ibihe bintu bigaragaza ingano y'ingaruka zo gushimangira z'ibikoresho byuzuza?
Igisubizo: Ubunini bw'ingaruka zo gushimangira bushingiye ku miterere nyamukuru ya pulasitiki ubwayo, ingano y'uduce twuzuza, ubuso bwihariye n'ingano, imikorere y'ubuso, ingano y'uduce n'uko dukwirakwira, imiterere y'icyiciro, hamwe n'uburyo uduce tw'ibumba duhuriramo n'uko dukwirakwira muri polimeri. Ikintu cy'ingenzi ni imikoranire hagati y'icyuma cyuzuza n'urwego rw'ibumba rugizwe n'iminyururu ya polimeri ya polimeri, irimo imbaraga z'umubiri cyangwa za shimi zikoreshwa n'ubuso bw'uduce ku minyururu ya polimeri, ndetse n'uburyo iminyururu ya polimeri ihinduka n'icyerekezo cy'iminyururu ya polimeri iri mu rwego rw'ibumba.
23. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku bukomezi bwa pulasitiki zikomejwe?
Igisubizo: ① Imbaraga z'icyuma gikomeza imbaraga zitoranywa kugira ngo zihuze n'ibisabwa; ② Imbaraga za polimeri z'ibanze zishobora kugerwaho binyuze mu guhitamo no guhindura polimeri; ③ Guhuza ubuso hagati ya plastike na polimeri z'ibanze; ④ Ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imbaraga.
24. Ni iki gikoresho gihuza ibintu, imiterere ya molekile, n'urugero rwerekana imikorere y'ibikorwa.
Igisubizo: Ibikoresho bihuza bivuga ubwoko bw'ikintu gishobora kunoza imiterere y'imikoranire hagati y'ibikoresho byuzuza n'ibikoresho bya polymer.
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'amatsinda imikorere mu miterere ya molekile: rimwe rishobora guhura n'ingaruka za shimi hamwe na matrix ya polymer cyangwa byibuze rikagira imikoranire myiza; Ubundi bwoko bushobora gukora imiyoboro ya shimi hamwe n'ibice bito bidafite umwimerere. Urugero, silane coupling agent, formula rusange ishobora kwandikwa nka RSiX3, aho R ari itsinda imikorere rikora rifite affinity na reactivity hamwe na molekile za polymer, nka vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, na thiol. X ni itsinda rya alkoxy rishobora gushonga, nka methoxy, ethoxy, nibindi.
25. Igikoresho gitera ifuro ni iki?
Igisubizo: Umuti utera ifuro ni ubwoko bw'ikintu gishobora gukora imiterere ya rubber cyangwa plastike ifite imyenge mito mu buryo bw'amazi cyangwa plastike mu rugero runaka rw'ubushyuhe.
Umuti utera ifuro: ubwoko bw'ikintu kigera ku ntego zo gutera ifuro binyuze mu kwishingikiriza ku mpinduka mu miterere yacyo mu gihe cyo gutera ifuro;
Ifuro ry'imiti: Ku bushyuhe runaka, rirabora mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe kugira ngo rikore imyuka imwe cyangwa myinshi, bigatera ifuro rya polymer.
26. Ni ibihe biranga shimi idashingiye ku binyabuzima na shimi ishingiye ku binyabuzima mu kubora kw'ibintu bitanga ifuro?
Igisubizo: Ibyiza n'ibibi by'ibintu bitera ifuro ry'umwimerere: ① Uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwira muri polimeri; ② Ubushyuhe bwo kubora ni buto kandi bworoshye kugenzura; ③ Gazi ya N2 ikorwa ntitwika, ntiturika, ntishonga byoroshye, ifite igipimo gito cyo gukwirakwira, kandi ntibyoroshye kuyivamo, bigatuma ifuro rihinduka cyane; ④ Uduce duto dutuma habaho utwenge duto tw'ifuro; ⑤ Hariho ubwoko bwinshi; ⑥ Nyuma yo gusohora ifuro, hari ibisigazwa byinshi, rimwe na rimwe bigera kuri 70% -85%. Ibi bisigazwa rimwe na rimwe bishobora gutera impumuro mbi, kwanduza ibikoresho bya polimeri, cyangwa guteza ubukonje bwo hejuru; ⑦ Mu gihe cyo kubora, muri rusange ni igisubizo cya exothermic. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'ikintu gitanga ifuro gikoreshwa buri hejuru cyane, bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi imbere no hanze yacyo mu gihe cyo gutanga ifuro, rimwe na rimwe bigatuma ubushyuhe bw'imbere burushaho kwiyongera no kwangiza imiterere y'umubiri n'iya shimi ya polymer. Ibintu bitanga ifuro ry'umwimerere ahanini ni ibikoresho bishobora gushya, kandi hakwiye kwitabwaho gukumira inkongi mu gihe cyo kubika no gukoresha.
27. Igikoresho cy'amabara (masterbatch) ni iki?
Igisubizo: Ni ihurizo rikorwa no gushyira amarangi cyangwa irangi mu buryo bumwe; Ibice by'ibanze: amarangi cyangwa irangi, ibikoresho bitwara, ibisigazwa, inyongeramusaruro; Imikorere: ① Ifite akamaro ko kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire n'ubudahinduka bw'amabara y'irangi; ② Yongera ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira kw'irangi muri pulasitiki; ③ Kurinda ubuzima bw'abakoresha; ④ Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora no guhindura amabara byoroshye; ⑤ Ibidukikije ni byiza kandi ntibihumanya ibikoresho; ⑥ Bizigama umwanya n'ibikoresho fatizo.
28. Imbaraga zo gusiga irangi bivuze iki?
Igisubizo: Ni ubushobozi bw'imitako y'irangi bwo kugira ingaruka ku ibara ry'uruvange rwose hamwe n'ibara ryayo; Iyo imitako y'irangi ikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki, imbaraga zayo zo gutwikira yerekeza ku bushobozi bwayo bwo kubuza urumuri kwinjira mu gicuruzwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-11-2024